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What is a Dredge Cutter?
A cutter refers to the type of excavator head akin to a basket cutterhead or bucketwheel on a hydraulic pipeline dredge. The cutter houses the suction intake and is used for reducing or agitating the materials that are being dredged.
Cutters have two primary features:
Loosen and break up supplies from the bottom of a waterway into smaller fragments which can be suitable with the dredge’s pumping system.
Intro the crumbled debris into the high-velocity stream at the suction intake in a prescribed capacity where the supplies will likely be then pumped and transported via a dredge’s hydraulic pipeline system.
Specialised types of dredger are often of small dimension and output. They include simple jet-lift and air-lift, auger suction, pneumatic and amphibious dredgers.
Jet-lift dredgers use the Venturi impact of a concentrated high-speed stream of water to draw the adjacent water, collectively with bed material, right into a delivery pipe. The jet head has no moving parts so blockage by wires and different dock debris is minimised. These dredgers are comparatively small units and a few might be manoeuvred on spuds alone.
Air-lift dredgers are similar to the jet-lift dredgers but the medium for inducing water and material flow is high pressure air injected on the mouth of the suction pipe. As with jet-lift dredgers there aren't any moving parts within the flow system. Hard or other tough to loosen materials cannot be dredged.
Augur suction dredgers operate on the same rules as a cutter suction dredger, besides that the mechanical cutting device is a rotating Archimedean screw placed at right angles to the suction pipe. The screw dislodges materials, which is fed to the centrally positioned suction pipe. Most units have a shroud over the chopping screw which reduces the spread of the plume of disturbed bed materials which normally escapes from all dredgers. The augur suction dredger advances into the reducing face by hauling itself alongside a wire deployed directly ahead. Very accurate horizontal and vertical dimensions can be achieved.
Pneumatic dredgers work on the ‘evacuator’ principle. A chamber with inlets for bed materials is pumped out with the inlets closed. The inlets are then opened and water and materials drawn in. The combination is then pumped out and the cycle repeated. The unit is usually suspended from a crane on land or from a small pontoon or barge. The dredging motion is intermittent and suitable only for easily flowing material.
Amphibious dredgers have the weird feature of being able to work afloat or elevated away from the water surface on legs. They can be outfitted with grabs, buckets or a shovel installation.
All the above specialist types of dredger (and others) have been developed for particular situations and generally for small scale work reminiscent of narrow canals, industrial lagoons and reservoirs. Some types have been developed to handle contaminated sediments with minimal disturbance. They don't seem to be normally employed for big scale upkeep or capital dredging work.
A further type of dredger is the plough or bed leveller. This consists of a blade or bar which is pulled behind a suitable tug or work-boat. The strategy can be used for direct dredging over brief distances and for levelling off the bed to the desired depth when a trailer or grab dredger is operating. It might also be used to pull away materials located near quay partitions and other places the place a trailer can not reach into a more accessible area. Sometimes the trailer itself operates the leveller if no tug or work-boat is available.
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